Everything about Ed N Mac Gabr In totally explained
Áedán mac Gabráin (
Old Irish pronunciation [ˈaiðaːnmak ˈgavraːnʲ]) was
king of Dál Riata from
circa 574 onwards. The kingdom of
Dál Riata was situated in modern
Argyll and Bute,
Scotland, and parts of
County Antrim,
Ireland. Genealogies record that Áedán was a son of
Gabrán mac Domangairt.
He was a contemporary of Saint
Columba, and much that's recorded of his life and career comes from
hagiography such as
Adomnán of Iona's
Life of Saint Columba. Áedán appears as a character in many
Old Irish and
Middle Irish language works of
prose and
verse, some now lost.
The
Irish annals record Áedán's campaigns against his neighbours, in
Ireland, and in northern
Britain, including expeditions to the
Orkney Islands, the
Isle of Man, and the east coast of Scotland. As recorded by
Bede, Áedán was decisively defeated by
Æthelfrith of Bernicia at the
Battle of Degsastan. Áedán may have been deposed, or have abdicated, following this defeat. He died c. 608.
Sources
The sources for Áedán's life include Bede's
Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum; Irish annals, principally the
Annals of Ulster and the
Annals of Tigernach; and Adomnán's
Life of Saint Columba. Áedán appears as a character in the early Irish works
Gein Branduib maic Echach ocus Aedáin maic Gabráin and
Compert Mongáin. The
Senchus fer n-Alban, a
census and
genealogy of Dál Riata, records his ancestry and his immediate descendants.
The Rawlinson B. 502 manuscript, dated to c. 1130, contains the tale
Gein Branduib maic Echach ocus Aedáin maic Gabráin (The Birth of Brandub son of Eochu and of Aedán son of Gabrán). In this story, Áedán is the twin brother of
Brandub mac Echach, a
King of Leinster who belonged to the
Uí Cheinnselaig kindred. Áedán is exchanged at birth for one of the twin daughters of Gabrán, born the same night, so that each family might have a son. The
Prophecy of Berchán also associates Áedán with
Leinster. A modern study concludes that "[t]here seems to be no basis of fact behind these traditions".
A lost Irish tale,
Echtra Áedáin mac Gabráin (The Adventures of Áedán son of Gabrán) appears in a list of works, but its contents are unknown. Áedán is a character in the epic
Scéla Cano meic Gartnáin, but the events which inspired the tale appear to have taken place in the middle of the seventh century.
Neighbours
Áedán was the chief king in Dál Riata, ruling over lesser tribal kings. The
Senchus fer n-Alban records the sub-divisions of Dál Riata in the seventh and eighth centuries, but no record from Áedán's time survives. According to the
Senchus, Dál Riata was divided into three sub-kingdoms in the seventh century, each ruled by a kin group named for their
eponymous founder. These were the
Cenél nGabráin, named for Áedán's father, who ruled over
Kintyre,
Cowal and
Bute; the
Cenél Loairn of northern Argyll; and the
Cenél nÓengusa of
Islay. Within these there were smaller divisions or tribes which are named by the
Senchus. Details of the Irish part of the kingdom are less clear.
Looking outward, Dál Riata's neighbours in north Britain were the
Picts and the
Britons. Late in Áedán's life, the kingdom of
Bernicia would become the greatest power in north Britain.
In Ireland, Dál Riata formed part of
Ulster, ruled by
Báetán mac Cairill of the
Dál Fiatach. The other major grouping in Ulster were the disunited tribes of the
cruithne, later known as the
Dál nAraidi. The most important cruithne king in Áedán's time was
Fiachnae mac Báetáin. Beyond the kingdom of Ulster, and generally hostile to it, were the various kingdoms and tribes of the
Uí Néill and their subjects and allies. Of the Uí Néill kings,
Áed mac Ainmuirech of the
Cenél Conaill, Columba's first cousin once removed, was the most important during Áedán's reign.
Reign
Adomnán, the
Senchus fer n-Alban and the Irish annals record Áedán as a son of
Gabrán mac Domangairt (died c. 555–560). A Welsh poem states that Áedán's mother was a daughter of King
Dumnagual Hen of
Alt Clut. Áedán's brother Eoganán is known from Adomnán and his death is recorded c. 597. The
Senchus names three other sons of Gabrán, namely Cuildach, Domnall, and Domangart. Although nothing is known of Cuildach and Domangart or their descendants, Adomnán mentions a certain Ioan, son of Conall, son of Domnall, "who belonged to the royal lineage of the Cenél nGabráin", but this is generally read as meaning that Ioan was a kinsman of the Cenél nGabráin, and his grandfather named Domnall isn't thought to be the same person as Áedán's brother Domnall.
Áedán was about forty years old when he became king, following the death of his uncle
Conall mac Comgaill in 574. His succession as king may have been contested; Adomnán states that Columba had favoured the candidacy of Áedán's brother Eoganán. Adomnán claims that Áedán was ordained as king by Columba, the first example of an ordination known in Britain and Ireland.
In 574, following the account of Conall's death, the
Annals of Ulster and the
Annals of Tigernach record a battle in
Kintyre, called the Battle of Teloch, or Delgu. The precise location of the battle is unidentified. The annals agree that "Dúnchad, son of Conall, son of Comgall, and many others of the allies of the sons of Gabrán, fell." In 575, the
Annals of Ulster report "the great convention of Druim Cett", at Mullagh or Daisy Hill near
Limavady, with Áed mac Ainmuirech and Columba in attendance. Adomnán reports that Áedán was present at the meeting. The purpose of the meeting isn't entirely certain, but one agreement made there concerned the status of Áedán's kingdom. Áedán and Áed agreed that while the fleet of Dál Riata would serve the Uí Néill, no tribute would be paid to them, and warriors would only be provided from the Dál Riata lands in Ireland.
The reason for this agreement is thought to have been the threat posed to Áedán, and also to Áed, by Báetán mac Cairill. Báetán is said to have forced the king of Dál Riata to pay homage to him at Rosnaree on
Islandmagee. Áedán is thought to be the king in question, and Ulster sources say that Báetán collected tribute from Scotland. Following Báetán's death in 581, the Ulstermen abandoned the Isle of Man, which they'd captured in Báetán's time, perhaps driven out by Áedán who is recorded as fighting there c. 583. Earlier, c. 580, Áedán is said to have raided Orkney, which had been subject to
Bridei son of Maelchon,
King of the Picts, at an earlier date.
Áedán's campaigns on the Isle of Man have sometimes been confused with the battle against the Miathi mentioned by Adomnán. The Miathi appear to have been the
Maeatae, a tribe in the area of the upper
river Forth. This campaign was successful, but Áedán's sons Artúr and Eochaid Find were killed in battle according to Adomnán. This battle may have taken place circa 590 and be recorded as the Battle of Leithreid or Leithrig.
The
Prophecy of Berchán says of Áedán: "Thirteen years (one after another) [hewill fight against] the Pictish host (fair the diadem)." The only recorded battle between Áedán and the Picts appears to have been fought in Circinn, in 599 or after, where Áedán was defeated. The annals mention the deaths of his sons here. It has been suggested that this battle was confused with the "Battle of Asreth" in Circinn, fought c. 584, in which Bridei son of Maelchon was killed. This battle is described as being "fought between the Picts themselves".
A number of
Welsh traditions point to warfare between Áedán and King
Rhydderch Hael of
Alt Clut, the north British kingdom later known as Strathclyde. Adomnán reports that Rhydderch sent a monk named Luigbe to
Iona to speak with Columba "for he wanted to learn whether he'd be slaughtered by his enemies or not". A
Welsh triad names Áedán's plundering of Alt Clut as one of the "three unrestrained plunderings of Britain", and the poem
Peiryan Vaban tells of a battle between Áedán and Rhydderch. The lost Irish epic
Orgain Sratha Cluada is usually thought to refer to the attack on Alt Clut in 870 by
Vikings, but MacQuarrie suggests that it may refer to an attack by Áedán on Rhydderch.
Degsastan and after
Degsastan appears not to have been the first battle between Áedán and the Bernicians. The death of his son Domangart in the land of the Saxons is mentioned by Adomnán, and it's presumed that Bran died in the same otherwise unrecorded battle.
Of the roots of this conflict, Bede mentions only that Áedán was alarmed by Æthelfrith's advance. Wherever the Battle of Degsastan was fought, Bede saw it as lying within
Northumbria. The battle was a decisive victory for Æthelfrith, and Bede says, carefully, that "[f]rom that day until the present, no king of the Irish in Britain has dared to do battle with the English." Although victorious, Æthelfrith suffered losses; Bede tells us his brother Theodbald was killed with all his following. Theodbald appears to be called Eanfrith in Irish sources, which name his killer as Máel Umai mac Báetáin of the
Cenél nEógain, son of High-King
Báetán mac Ninnedo. The Irish poem
Compert Mongáin says that the king of Ulster, Fiachnae mac Báetáin of the Dál nAraidi, aided Áedán against the Saxons, perhaps at Degsastan. The
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle mentions that
Hering, son of King
Hussa of Bernicia, was present, apparently fighting with Áedán.
After the defeat of Degsastan, the annals report nothing of Áedán until his death around six years later. His death is dated to
17 April 608 in the
Martyrology of Tallaght, composed c. 800. The
Annals of Tigernach give his age as 74. The
Prophecy of Berchán places his death in Kintyre and says "[h]e won't be king at the time of his death", while the 12th century
Acta Sancti Lasriani claims that he was expelled from the kingship.
John of Fordun, writing in the 14th century, believed that Áedán had been buried at
Kilkerran in Kintyre.
Áedán's descendants
Áedán was succeeded by his son
Eochaid Buide. Adomnán gives an account of Columba's prophecy that Eochaid's older brothers would predecease their father. Áedán's other sons are named by the
Senchus fer n-Alban as Eochaid Find, Tuathal, Bran, Baithéne, Conaing, and Gartnait. Adomnán also names Artúr, called a son of Conaing in the
Senchus, and Domangart, who isn't included in the
Senchus. Domangart too may have been a grandson rather than a son of Áedán, most likely another son of Conaing. The main line of Cenél nGabráin kings were the descendants of Eochaid Buide through his son
Domnall Brecc, but the descendants of Conaing successfully contested for the throne throughout the 7th century and into the 8th.
It has been suggested that Gartnait son of Áedán could be the same person as
Gartnait son of Domelch, king of the Picts, whose death is reported around 601, but this rests on the idea of Pictish
matriliny, which has been criticised. Even less certainly, it has been argued that Gartnait's successor in the Pictish king-lists,
Nechtan, was his grandson, and thus Áedán's great-grandson.
Of Áedán's daughters, less is known. Maithgemm, also recorded as Gemma, married a prince named Cairell of the Dál Fiatach. The names of Áedán's wives are not recorded, but one was said to be British, and another may have been a Pictish woman named Domelch, if indeed the Gartnait son of Domelch and Gartnait son of Áedán are one and the same.
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